Comparative analysis of A TEMPEST and THE TEMPEST

Name:Janakiba k. Rana

Class:M.A.  Sem:3

Topic: Comparative analysis of  A TEMPEST   and   THE TEMPEST

paper no:11

Roll no:09

Year:2015-2016

Submitted to : Smt S.B.Gardy Department of English,
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnager University.

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Introduction to The Tempest

The tempest is written by Shakespeare at the end of his career as a playwright, and often referred to as the romances or the tragicomedies. It follows all three unites:

Unity of: Time, Place, Action.

The title : Tempest means a violent storm.

Character list:

                                          

Introduction to ‘A Tempest’

A tempest by Aime Cesaire was originally published in 1969 in French by Editions du seuil inpairs. A tempest is the third play in a trilogy aimed at advancing the tenets of the negritude movements.

In 1985, the play was translated into English by Richard Miller. “A Tempest is a postcolonial revision of William Shakespeare’s The Tempest. In this play center is changed, protagonist is changed, its narration is changed.

So this text emerges as a new text in the field of literature. It deals much more with the history from the point of view of Caliban and Ariel.

Character List:

• Prospero – White master
• Caliban – Blackslave
• Ariel – a mulatto slave
• An Addition: Eshu – a black devil God
• And others are as per the Tempest.

Brief note on ‘The Tempest’ major characters:

•              Prospero:
        The exiled Duke of Milan, he is intelligent, having devoted years to study, he is obviously very found of his daughter  Miranda, and he is generous in forgiving his brother and the other conspirators. He is god like in his control of those around him and in his knowledge of all that transpires , get the is beneficiary in his role as a God, using white magic to carry out his designs like a God, he punishes the guilty and demands repentance.

•     Ariel:
  
           A development of the beneficery spirit- type in the Italian past oral personality and an intelligence. His presence adds an ethereal quality to the play. “A spirit to delicate” to do the evil bidding of Syearax, he has become the agent of the beneficent Prospero. 

• Caliban:
  
  The monster is based on the wicked spirit-type in the Italian pastoral, though Shakespeare develops him to a considerable extent. He is an elemental, earthbound man, without a soul, but with a direct and shrewd natural intelligence. He has been taught a language and has been trained by intimidation but these have not changed his basic nature.

• Prospero calls him: “A devil, a born devil on whose nature. Nature can never stick; on whom my pains, Humanely taken, all, all lost, quite lost; and as with age his body uglier grows, so his mind cankers. I will plague them all, Even to rocking.  

• Though he is bestial, immoral and gross, there is still an elemental poetry about him, and one must notice that Shakespeare puts into his mouth. Some of the finest poetry in the play.

A comparative analysis of The Tempest & A Tempest:

Shakespeare’s ‘The Tempest’ there are quite a few characters that might be easily identifiable as villains but the main figure, proper seems to play, many routes, good as well as bad. Where prospero is a villain or not in Cesaire’s ‘A Tempest’ is not mentioned clearly that his purpose as colonialist was oppressive like Britisher.

Magic and power used in both work by proper:

Prospero uses his magic to whip up a tempest to Shipwreck the man responsible for his banishment Antonio wants to be the king of Milan and so  he arranges to kill Prospero and Prospero’s daughter Miranda at any cost.

“Prospero: My brother and thy uncle, call’d Antonio..I pray thee, mark me..that a brother should be so perfidious! He whom next thyself of all the world I loved and to him put the manage of my state; as at that time through all the signories it was the first and Prospero the prime duke, being so reputed in dignity, and for the liberal arts without a parallel; those being all my study, the government I cast upon my brother and to my state grew stranger, being transported and rapt in secret studies. Thy false uncle – Dost thou attend me?”

(Shakespeare)

But he was saved with the help of his loyal servant and he was send on an island with his daughter very safety.

There was good spirit, named Ariel. He was slave of king Prospero and king Prospero use to do white magic because of his study and vast reading. When Prospero was creating a storm spirit Ariel helped him.

“Ariel: All hail, great master. Grave sir, hail: I come to answer thy best pleasure: To every article I boarded the king’s ship; now on the beak, now in the waist, the deck, in every cabin, I flamed amazement: sometimes I’ld divide, and burn in many places; o the opmast, the yards and bow spirit, would I flame distinctly, then meet and join ove’s  lightings, the precursors O’the dreadful thunder claps, more momentary and sight-out running were not the fire and cracks of sulphurous roaring the most mighty Neptune seem to besiege and make his bold wavers tremble, yea, his dread trident shake.”

Act 3,
Prospero finally confronts his enemies as he presents them with a banquet only to snatch it away at the last minute at the end he also mines Ariel free as he promised him.

While in ‘A Tempest’

Caliban is a black slave

Ariel as a mulatto slave

This play touches modern issue and the aries. It gives message on colonialism, colour discrimination and racism etc.

           

In this play Caliban is a black slave who got more voice and Ariel as mulatto, these character’s are at the centre here cesaire tries to throw light on master slave relation, and as per that colonized’s ill-treatment.

“Prospero: well Ariel:

Ariel: Mission accomplished.

Prospero: Bravo, good work!...

Are you tired?

Ariel: Not Tried; disgust, I obeyed you but well why not come with it? I did so much unwillingly. It was a real pain to see the great ship go down, so full of life?

Here we can see that he was not happy for his doing, not happy to follow Prospero’s orders.

“Ariel: Master, I must beg you to spare me this kind of labor.

Prospero: (Shouting) Listen and listen good: there is a task tobe performed, and I don’t care how it gets done.

Ariel: You have promised me my freedom a thousand times, and I am still waiting.

Prospero: Ingrate!  And who freed you from Sycorax, May I ask? Who rent the pine in which you had been imprisoned and brought you forth?

You will set it when I am good and ready.” (Cesaire)

We can clearly see that Ariel was not allowed to ask questions and if he asks than he have to face anger of Prospero. He blindly follows his order.

Another slave – a Black Slave, Caliban had same treatment.

Like Ariel:

Prospero: Caliban! Caliban!

Caliban: Uhuru!

Prospero: What did you say?

Caliban: I said Uharu!

Prospero: Mumbling your native language again. I have already told you, I don’t like it. You could be polite at last; a simple “hello” would not kill you.” (Cesaire) 

He was not allowd to spar in his language. He should have to follow the language taught by his master. Other thing is call me X is better…identify xxxxx and he should be owner not Prospero.

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Name:Janakiba k. Rana

Class:M.A.  Sem:3

Topic: Mythical reading of Mrs Ramsay To The Lighthouse

paper no:09

Roll no:09

Year:2015-2016

Submitted to : Smt S.B.Gardy Department of English,
 Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnager University.

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INTRODUCTION

                      

In this novel Virginia Woolf’s concept of woman’s role in life is crystallized in the character of Mrs. Ramsay, whose attributes are those of major female figures in pagan myth.

The most useful myth for interpreting the novel is that:

                     

The primordial Goddess, who is threefold in relation to Zeus: mother (Reha), wife (Demeter), and daughter (Persephone).

One of the major sources of the myth is the Homeric “Hymn to Demeter: in which the poet compares Rhea with clear that Demeter, and makes it clear that Demter and her daughter Persephone “are to be thought of as a double figure, one half of which is the ideal complement of the other” this double figure is that of the Kore the primordial maiden. Who is also a mother. Also useful in interpreting the novel is the Odeipus myth.

If we look at Virginia Woolf’s diary it shows that she read ‘Greek’ and “On Not Knowing Greek” shows that she venerated it. Even she would have not read jung, freud and Frazer. She would have known about them through other members of the Bloomsbury Group. However there is no direct evidence that she consciously used myth in the writing of this novel. Virginia Woolf in her diary reiterated the role of the  Subconscious in the germination of a novel and noted: “How tremendously important unconsciousness is when one writes”

Mythical reading of Mrs. Ramsay’s character:

                     

In “TO THE LIGHT HOUSE” the myth of Oedipus and the Korel, superimposed momentary upon the novel. Provided a  framework within whose spatial ordering the symbolic people passages, and phrases of the book can be seen to assume a relationship to each other which illuminates their reciprocal functions and meanings.

Several interpretations:

                     

Mrs. Ramsay in not merely Goddness (Blackstone P112), nor light, spirit, and spell(Roberts, P596). She is more than this and more than the main spring of the novel: “She is the meaning of novel.”

Terms of Christian myth:

Or rejection of Christian myth

                      

There is much evidence, both external and internal. Virginia Woolf’s agnosticism appears on many pages of her diary.

                        
           The Christian symbolism is quite as inappropriate for Mrs. Rasmay.

           When the phrase,

           We are in the hands of the Lord.

           Enters her mind, she rejects it:

           “insantly she was annoyed with herself for saying that who had said it?

           Not she had been trapped into saying somet she did not mean.”

Mrs. Ramsay sometimes senses in life, for Zeus was the God who connived with Hades in the abduction of Persephone and was himself the bridegroom by violence of Demeter. Her function is the same on the intellectual level for she gives her protection and inspiration to both art and science.

                        
       To Lily the painter she gives stimulus and understanding.

       To Mrs. Ramsay the philosophy she supplies love, comfort and reassurance.

Myth of Rhea: 

Was the oldest of the Gods, the child of Goen, mother earth, and sopranos.

Rhea has six children three boys and three girls Mrs. Ramsay has eight four boys and four girls.

                     

Like Cronus Mr. Ramsay was sometimes “like a lion seeking whom he could devour…”(233) he has power and authority: “Let him be fifty feet away, let him not even speak to you, let him not even see you, he permeated, he prevailed, he imposed himself. He changed everything”.

                       

In each family the youngest child, a male is the one who opposes the father. Zeus, alone in his excile on Crete, might have reflected like James, “I shall be left to fight the tyrant alone.”

                      

As Rhea protected Zeus from physical harm, so Mrs. Ramsay tries to guard James from psychological wounds.

                      

Mr. Ramsay’s declaration that the weather will not permit the trip to the Light House which dames so passionately desires,

                      

She reflects that children never forget; “She was certain that he was thinking, we are not going to the Light House tomorrow; and she thought, he will remember that all his life.”

• Mrs. Ramsay has many of the physical attributes of a Goddess.
• To Lily’s eyes she seems to wear “an august shape…”she has a “royalty of form..”
• Augustus Carmichael bows as if to do her “homage”
• When Charles Tansley glimpses her standing motionless, a picture of Queen Victoria behind her, he realized that she is the most beautiful person he had ever seen”

Even as he speaks of prosaic things,

“One would be thinking of Greek temples, and how beauty had been with them there in that Stuffy room”

Psychic Qualities:

Mrs. Ramsay’s psychic qualities are also those of a Goddess she is possessed of an intuitive knowledge and wisdom, and exercises a dominion over those around her, seeming almost to cast a spell upon them.

       

Lily Briscoe sees Mrs. Ramsay as:

“Unquestionably the loveliest of people.. the best perhaps.”

Lily laughs at her,

“Presiding with immutable calm over destinies which she completely failed to understand”

Mrs. Ramsay resembles Rhea,

She appears almost an incarnation of Demeter. This divine being, the Goddess of the corn, was the daughter of Cornos and Rhea and the sister of Zeus. But unlike him and the other Olympians, she was, with Dionysus, mankind’s best friend. Here was the divine power which made the earth fruitful.

“Who worshipped, not like the other Gods by the bloody scarifies men liked, but of grain was hallowed, Demeter’s holy grain:”

Symbols of fruitfulness cluster around Mrs. Ramsay.

She plants flower and sees that they are tended. She adorns herself with green Shawl. Through he own stream of consciousness, is an almost obsessive concern that the greenhouse shall be repaired and preserved.

Mrs. Ramsay in all her aspects is feminine and opposed to that which is undesirable in masculinity. When she gives to Mr. Ramsay the sympathy and reassurance he begs, the action is symbolic:

Into this delicious fecundity, this fountain and spray of life,, the fatal sterility of the male plunged itself, like   a beak of brass, barren and bare.”

Earlier in ‘To The Lighthouse’ Mrs. Ramsay has performed an act symbolic of Demeter’s role in the  rescue of Persephone. Going to the nursery, she has covered the boch’s Skull which has kept her daughter cam awake until eleven O’Clock at night covered the Skull with her own green shawl. The symbol of death is banished and obliterated by the symbol of fertility.

Bilingualism

Name: Jankiba Rana

M.A. Semester 3

Roll No. 09

Batch 2014.15

Paper 12 ELT1

Topic: Bilingualism
Submitted to: Smt. S. B. Gardi,  Department of English, MKBU

____________________________________________________________

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What is Bilingualism?

Bilingualism simply means the ability to communicate in two languages. English is not the native language in India. English Language had become an official language in India therefore English is not the native language for Indians. English is the Second Language in India. India is a multilingual country fully diversified with multiculturalism. Agnes Lam refers to bilingualism the phenomenon of competence and communication in two languages.

                                         

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Bilingual Individuals:

• Bilingual individual is someone who has the ability to communicate two languages alternatively, even when one language is being used in a monolingual context. (Bialystok, 2007, 2010)
• Such an ability or psychological state of an individual has been referred to as 'bilinguality'. (Hamers and Blanc 2000)

Bilingual individuals don't find it difficult to communicate in two languages and switch between two languages alternatively.

Bilingual Society:

A bilingual society is one in which two languages are used in communication. In bilingual society it is possible to have large number of monolinguals provided that they are enough bilinguals to perform the functions requiring bilingual competence in that society. 

• Individual Bilingualism

Individual psychological state of mind who uses two languages for communication purpose. 

• Societal Bilingualism

   In societal bilingualism community and that number of individual can use two languages.

Monoliguals :-

Those who Speaks only one of the tow language used in society.

Several Question Have been asked :-

Monolingual or Communicative norms :

Do we measure the competencies of bilingual persons against the respective competencies of monolingual persons ?

If so we end up with labeling some bilinguals as perfect bilinguals and other as imperfect bilinguals. Another approach is not to apply monolingual norms in measuring bilingual abilities but just to evaluate the communicative competence of the bilingual as a Whole ( Grosjean 1992

 

Relative Competencies in two languages :

Is the bilingual better at one language than the other ?

If so the person has dominant bilinguality . If he or she is equally good at both language then the term balanced bilingual is used .


Domains :  can someone be considered a bilingual if he or she can only function in one language in a few domains (e.g. home ) ?

Essentially the person only has the registers or varieties of language associated with particular  domains for different languages . his or her communicative abilities in one language complement those of the other. I would call this complementary bilinguality.

Components:
Can linguistic competence be subdivided into smaller components ?
for e.g can someone be considered a bilingual if he or she can comprehend both two languages but speak and write only one of them ? 

In such circumstances, the person can be described as a receptive bilingual having the ability to understand both languages . Otherwise .the ability to produce both languages in some manner is usually assumed when a person is identified as a bilingual.

Bidialectal and Bircriptural abilities are also important for individuals .

Bidialectalism refers to the phenomenon where  by someone can communication in more than two dialects of same language.

Bircriptural:
Bircriptural competence is the ability to read more than one script and the traditional complex script.

Relationship between Bilingualism and Multilingualism:
Discussions are bilingualism often include multiligual context because in many multilingual societies there are more bilinguals than multilingual individuals. There are many patterns of multilingualism based on various combinations of bilingual competences

For example: Individuals in our multilingual society could be bilingual in the dominant language may vary for individuals. Increasingly, however with the cognition that many societies are multilingual. Multilingualism is often discussed as a phenomenon in its own right.

Approaches:

Linguistic Approach: Linguists differ in the importance they accord to bilingualism. They study the structure and development of the two languages.

Socio linguistics: It is a study as a whole. It looks at how cultures and social groups affect language performance.

• Language Choice
• Language Planning

Psycho linguistics: It is a study of the psychological bases of bilinguals' language. It largely depends on language performance and language competence. 

Neuro linguistics: is a study of the relationship between language and the brain.

Dominant Language and Non-dominant language: Dominant language is a language with power or status. Non dominant language may vary for individuals.

Simultaneous Bilingualism: it refers to the acquisition of one language after another. 

Bilingual Education: Education using both languages as medium of instructions and/or having bilingualism as a goal of education.

Compound bilinguals: Compound bilingualism has one semantic system but two linguistic codes. Usually it refers to someone whose two languages are learned at the same time often in the same context. 

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My Semester 3 Presentations

Paper 9: Political Reading of The Birthday Party from janki2090

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Paper 10: THE STUDY OF THE MOVIE “KYA KEHNA” AND THE NOVEL “THE SCARLET LETTER” from janki2090

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Paper 11: Michael Jackson’s Desire The Self and The Politics of Whiteness from janki2090

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